土爾沙種族屠殺

土爾沙種族屠殺（英語：)（又被稱作土爾沙屠殺、土爾沙種族騷動、格林伍德屠殺或黑色華爾街屠殺[2][3])，是指1921年5月31日至6月1日，美國白人攻擊奧克拉荷馬州土爾沙格林伍德的非裔美國人社區的居民和企業並屠殺非裔美國人[1]，這被視為美國歷史上最為嚴重的種族暴力事件之一[4]。該地社區原本是美國最富有的非裔美國人社區，然而這次襲擊事件分別以地面和空中攻擊的方式，摧毀該地區超過35個街區。最終，有超過800人被送往醫院，並有超過6,000名非裔美國人居民被逮捕和拘留數天。

Tulsa race massacre 1921年土爾沙種族屠殺
土爾沙種族屠殺期間遭到焚燒的建築物。
位置	美國奧克拉荷馬州土爾沙格林伍德
	36°09′34″N 95°59′11″W
日期	1921年5月31日至6月1日
武器	槍械、爆炸裝置
死亡	39人（根據1921年官方報告） 300人（根據2001年紅十字會和奧克拉荷馬州土爾沙騷動委員會最終報告）[1]
受傷	超過800人
主謀	白人暴民和警察[1]

參見

• 紅木大屠殺
• 美国内乱事件一览表

參考資料

1. Oklahoma Commission, (PDF), Tulsa, Oklahoma, February 28, 2001 [April 10, 2016], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-05-17）
2. "Nearly 100 Years Later, Tulsa Begins Search for Mass Graves From 1921 Black Wall Street Massacre". The Root. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
3.  Rao, Sameer (May 31, 2017). "It's Been 96 Years Since White Mobs Destroyed Tulsa's Black Wall Street". Colorlines.
4. Scott Ellsworth, "Tulsa Race Riot" 页面存档备份，存于, The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, 2009; accessed 31 December 2016

延伸閱讀

• Alfred L. Brophy, Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Race Reparations, and Reconciliation, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
• Scott Ellsworth, Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.
• Donald Halliburton, Tulsa Race War of 1921. San Jose, CA: R and E Publishing, 1975.
• James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
• Rob Hower, 1921 Tulsa Race Riot: The American Red Cross-Angels of Mercy. Tulsa, OK: Homestead Press, 1993.
• Hannibal B. Johnson, Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District. Austin, TX: Eakin Press 1998.
• Tim Madigan, The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001.
• Mary E. Jones Parrish, Race Riot 1921: Events of the Tulsa Disaster. Tulsa, OK: Out on a Limb Publishing, 1998.
• Lee E. Williams, Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921. Hattiesburg, MS: University and College Press of Mississippi, 1972.

外部連結

• The Crisis Magazine, Vol. 22 No.# 3, on the Tulsa Race Riot, pp.114-116 页面存档备份，存于
• "What happened to Black Wall Street on June 1, 1921?" 页面存档备份，存于, San Francisco Bay View
• "Tulsa Race Riot" 页面存档备份，存于, Greenwood Cultural Center
• "A Historical Study of the Perceived Racial Definitions and Events Leading to The Tulsa Race Riot". 2011 History Thesis, Oklahoma City University.
• "Red Cross Report 1921 on Actions Taken due to Riot", Tulsa Historical Society
• Facts and Links for "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921" 页面存档备份，存于, Subliminal.org
• "Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive", University of Tulsa McFarlin Library, Special Collections, links to inventory, related materials, and photographs.
• Link to Ruth Sigler Avery Tulsa Race Riot Archive, Index, Special Collections & Archives, Oklahoma State University – Tulsa
• Oklahoma Commission, Report on the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, February 28, 2001, Internet Archive {full text online}
• "Tulsa Race Riot", Tulsa Historical Society
• "Tulsa Race Riot", Oklahoma Historical Society
• "Tulsa Race Riot: Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection" 页面存档备份，存于, Tulsa City County Library: African American Resource Center
• Associated Press, "Tulsa Guard Kills Man" 页面存档备份，存于, Evening Public Ledger (Philadelphia, PA), 6 June 1921, article includes photo of burned-out portion of Greenwood, Chronicling America, Library of Congress
• Tulsa Tribune, May 31, 1921 页面存档备份，存于, Tulsa Race Riot blog, 18 June 2014
• The Morning Tulsa Daily World, 1 June 1921 页面存档备份，存于, Library of Congress
• The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1, 1921 {Extra} 页面存档备份，存于
• The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1, 1921 {2nd Extra} 页面存档备份，存于
• The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 1, 1921 {3rd Extra} 页面存档备份，存于
• The Morning Tulsa Daily World June 3, 1921 页面存档备份，存于
• "William Redfearn's Brief in Redfearn v. American Central Insurance Company, Oklahoma Supreme Court 1924 页面存档备份，存于
• The Durant Weekly News, 3 June 1921 页面存档备份，存于, Chronicling America, Library of Congress
• Linda Christensen. "Why Teaching the Tulsa Race Riot is More Than Just Teaching History" 页面存档备份，存于, May 28, 2013, GOOD Magazine.
• Linda Christensen. "Burned Out of Homes and History: Unearthing the Silent Voices of the Tulsa Race Riot" 页面存档备份，存于, 8-page lesson plan for high school Students, 2013, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools.
• Tulsa race riot 页面存档备份，存于 Collection of 11 photographic postcards of the race riot that took place in Tulsa, Oklahoma on May 31 and June 1, 1921. Pictures illustrate the devastation to the Greenwood District's African-American community, including whole blocks burned to the ground, bodies of victims, and the damaged convention hall.
• Listing of known/unknown/possible White/African-American casualties of the Tulsa Race Riots 页面存档备份，存于
• I Marc Carlson, "A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs", Part 2 页面存档备份，存于
• "Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice" 页面存档备份，存于, Al-Jazeera, 19 July 2014
• Voices of Oklahoma interview with Otis Clark. 页面存档备份，存于 First person interview conducted on November 23, 2009, with Otis Clark, survivor of the Tulsa Race Riot.