平腹蛛科

平腹蛛科（學名：）[1]，又名鷲蛛科[2]，包括有約110個屬[3]、接近2000個已描述的物種，其多樣性在目前所有蜘蛛的科排行第7大[4]。常見的屬計有：平腹蛛屬（Gnaphosa）、Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia、狂蛛屬（Zelotes）等。這些物種均與袋蛛科關係密切[5]。截至現在本科物種沒有已知含有會毒害人類的毒液的物種。

平腹蛛科
化石时期：白堊紀–至今
PreЄ
Callilepis nocturna, a ground spider found in the Palearctic ecozone
科学分类
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲： 蛛形纲 Arachnida
目： 蜘蛛目 Araneae
亚目： 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae
下目： 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae
演化支： 复杂生殖器类 Entelegynae
演化支： Dionycha Dionycha
总科： 鷲蛛總科 Gnaphosoidea
科： 平腹蛛科 Gnaphosidae
Pocock, 1898
多样性
158個屬，共3057個物種

形態描述及習性

如同其他同屬新蛛亞目的複雜生殖器類物種，不科物種皆有八隻眼。

所有平腹蛛科物種不會結捕捉獵物的網，一般只會沿着平面去追趕獵物。牠們普遍在晚間捕獵，日間躲藏於絲質的避靜處[5]。

分類

屬

截至2019年4月 (2019-04)，World Spider Catalog接納以下各屬為本科的成員[6]（中文譯名參考：宋大祥; 朱明生; 张锋 (编). (PDF). 无脊椎动物 第39卷 蛛形纲 蜘蛛目 平腹蛛科. 科學出版社. 2004-08: 536 pp. [2020-12-24]. ISBN 703013267X （中文（简体）‎）. [1]）：

  • Allomicythus Ono, 2009 — Vietnam
  • 异狂蛛属 Allozelotes Yin & Peng, 1998：見於中國四川、雲南一帶[1]:19-22。
  • Almafuerte Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay
  • 阿馬遜蛛屬 Amazoromus Brescovit & Höfer, 1994：見於巴西阿馬遜州中部[7]。
  • Amusia Tullgren, 1910 — South Africa
  • Anagraphis Simon, 1893 — Africa, Asia, Europe
  • Anagrina Berland, 1920 — Niger
  • Aneplasa Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Angola
  • Anzacia Dalmas, 1919 — Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
  • 秘蛛屬 Aphantaulax Simon, 1878[1]:23-24：分佈於亞洲、非洲、澳大利亞及法國。
  • Apodrassodes Vellard, 1924 — South America, Mexico, India
  • Apodrassus Chamberlin, 1916 — Peru
  • Apopyllus Platnick & Shadab, 1984 — South America, Mexico
  • Aracus Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar
  • Arauchemus Ott & Brescovit, 2012 — Brazil
  • Asemesthes Simon, 1887 — Africa
  • Asiabadus Roewer, 1961 — Afghanistan
  • Australoechemus Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 — Cape Verde Is.
  • Austrodomus Lawrence, 1947 — South Africa
  • Benoitodes Platnick, 1993 — St. Helena
  • Berinda Roewer, 1928 — Greece, Turkey, Cyprus
  • 伯兰蛛属 Berlandina Dalmas, 1922[1]:26-30：分佈於亞洲、非洲及歐洲。
  • Brasilomma Brescovit, Ferreira & Rheims, 2012
  • Cabanadrassus Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina
  • 美蛛屬 Callilepis Westring, 1874[1]:32-35：分佈於亞洲、北美洲及歐洲。
  • Callipelis Zamani & Marusik, 2017 — Iran
  • Camillina Berland, 1919 — Asia, Central America, South America, Africa, North America, Italy, Caribbean
  • Canariognapha Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is.
  • Caudalia Alayón, 1980 — Cuba
  • Ceryerda Simon, 1909 — Australia
  • Cesonia Simon, 1893 — Greece, Turkey, North America, Central America, Caribbean
  • Chatzakia Lissner & Bosmans, 2016 — Spain
  • Chileomma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005
  • Chileuma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005
  • Chilongius Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005
  • Civizelotes Senglet, 2012 — Asia, Morocco, Europe
  • Cladothela Kishida, 1928 — Japan, China, Korea
  • Coillina Yin & Peng, 1998 — China
  • 韩掠蛛属 Coreodrassus Paik, 1984：只見於朝鮮半島[1]:46。
  • Cryptodrassus Miller, 1943 — Europe, Asia
  • Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 — Australia
  • Cubanopyllus Alayón & Platnick, 1993 — Cuba
  • Diaphractus Purcell, 1907 — South Africa, Namibia
  • 掠蛛属 Drassodes Westring, 1851[1]:47-57：分佈於非洲、南北美洲、亞洲及歐洲。
  • Drassodex Murphy, 2007 — Spain, France, Switzerland
  • 近狂蛛属 Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922[8]:77-88：分佈於北美洲、亞洲及歐洲。
  • Echemella Strand, 1906 — Congo, Ethiopia
  • Echemographis Caporiacco, 1955 — Venezuela
  • Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 — South America
  • Echemus Simon, 1878 — Sweden, Asia, Australia, Africa, Brazil
  • Eilica Keyserling, 1891 — Australia, South America, United States, Central America, Caribbean, Africa, India
  • Eleleis Simon, 1893 — South Africa
  • Encoptarthria Main, 1954 — Australia
  • Epicharitus Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
  • Fedotovia Charitonov, 1946 — Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan
  • Gertschosa Platnick & Shadab, 1981 — North America, Panama, Jamaica
  • Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Guatemala, Cuba
  • 单蛛属 Haplodrassus
  • Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922：分佈於歐洲、亞洲、北美洲及非洲。
  • Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 — Argentina, North America, Asia
  • Heser Tuneva, 2004 — Asia, Spain, Africa, North America
  • Hitobia Kamura, 1992 — Asia
  • Homoeothele Simon, 1908 — Australia
  • 香港蛛屬 Hongkongia Song & Zhu, 1998[3]：分佈於香港、印尼的蘇拉威西島及中國大陸。
  • Hypodrassodes Dalmas, 1919 — New Zealand, Australia
  • Ibala Fitzpatrick, 2009 — Africa
  • Intruda Forster, 1979 — Australia, New Zealand
  • Iranotricha Zamani & Marusik, 2018 — Iran
  • Kaitawa Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
  • Katumbea Cooke, 1964 — Tanzania
  • Kishidaia Yaginuma, 1960 — Asia, Italy
  • Ladissa Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone, India, Benin
  • Laronius Platnick & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Thailand, Indonesia
  • Lasophorus Chatzaki, 2018 — Greece
  • Latonigena Simon, 1893 — South America
  • Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 — Africa, Europe, Asia
  • Leptodrassus Simon, 1878 — Europe, Asia, Africa, Mexico
  • Leptopilos Levy, 2009 — Greece, Asia, Libya
  • Litopyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — United States, Cuba, Mexico
  • Lygromma Simon, 1893 — South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico
  • Lygrommatoides Strand, 1918 — Japan
  • Macarophaeus Wunderlich, 2011 —
  • Marjanus Chatzaki, 2018
  • Matua Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
  • Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834 — Africa, Asia, Australia
  • Micaria Westring, 1851 — Asia, North America, Africa, Europe, Australia
  • Microdrassus Dalmas, 1919 — Seychelles
  • Microsa Platnick & Shadab, 1977 — Cuba
  • Micythus Thorell, 1897 — Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia
  • Minosia Dalmas, 1921 — Africa, Asia, Europe
  • Minosiella Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Africa
  • Molycria Simon, 1887 — Australia
  • Montebello Hogg, 1914 — Australia
  • Moreno Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Argentina
  • Myandra Simon, 1887 — Australia
  • Namundra Platnick & Bird, 2007 — Namibia, Angola
  • Nauhea Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
  • Neodrassex Ott, 2012 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Neozimiris Simon, 1903 — Panama, North America, South America
  • Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, India
  • Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
  • Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Africa, Europe
  • Nopyllus Ott, 2014 — Brazil
  • Notiodrassus Bryant, 1935 — New Zealand
  • Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965 — Africa, Asia, Jamaica
  • Oltacloea Mello-Leitão, 1940 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Orodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — United States, Canada
  • Parabonna Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil
  • Paracymbiomma Rodrigues, Cizauskas & Rheims, 2018
  • Parasyrisca Schenkel, 1963 — Europe, Asia, North America
  • Phaeocedus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Europe
  • Plutonodomus Cooke, 1964 — Tanzania
  • Poecilochroa Westring, 1874 — Asia, Africa, South America, Europe
  • Prodida Dalmas, 1919 — Philippines, Seychelles
  • Prodidomus Hentz, 1847 — Asia, Australia, Africa, Cuba, Europe, South America, United States
  • Pseudodrassus Caporiacco, 1935 — China, Libya, Turkey
  • Pterotricha Kulczyński, 1903 — Africa, Asia, Europe
  • Pterotrichina Dalmas, 1921 — Algeria
  • Purcelliana Cooke, 1964 — South Africa
  • Sanitubius Kamura, 2001 — China, Korea, Japan
  • Scopoides Platnick, 1989 — North America, Asia
  • Scotocesonia Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana
  • Scotognapha Dalmas, 1920 —
  • Scotophaeus Simon, 1893 — Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, New Zealand
  • Sergiolus Simon, 1892 — North America, Caribbean, Asia
  • Sernokorba Kamura, 1992 — Asia, Europe
  • Setaphis Simon, 1893 — Spain, Africa, Asia
  • Shaitan Kovblyuk, Kastrygina & Marusik, 2013
  • Shiragaia Paik, 1992 — Korea
  • Sidydrassus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 — Asia
  • Smionia Dalmas, 1920 — South Africa
  • Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, Asia
  • Symphanodes Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
  • Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 — Asia, Africa, North America, Greece
  • Talanites Simon, 1893 — Asia, North America, Ukraine
  • Talanitoides Levy, 2009 — Israel
  • Theuma Simon, 1893 — South Africa, Namibia
  • Theumella Strand, 1906 — Ethiopia
  • Titus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 — Zimbabwe
  • Tivodrassus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 — Mexico
  • Trachyzelotes Lohmander, 1944 — Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, South America, Samoa
  • Trephopoda Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Namibia
  • Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Namibia
  • Tricongius Simon, 1893 — Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia
  • Turkozelotes Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 — Greece, Asia
  • Urozelotes Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Zambia, Europe, Asia
  • Verita Ramírez & Grismado, 2016 — Argentina
  • Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
  • Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia, Malaysia
  • Xerophaeus Purcell, 1907 — Africa, Yemen
  • 西藏蛛屬 Xizangia Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 — China
  • Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 — New Zealand
  • Zelominor Snazell & Murphy, 1997 — Portugal, Spain, Algeria
  • 狂蛛屬 Zelotes Gistel, 1848：見於亞洲、北美洲、歐洲、非洲、南美洲、澳大利亞及加勒比海
  • Zelotibia Russell-Smith & Murphy, 2005 — Africa
  • Zelowan Murphy & Russell-Smith, 2010 — Congo, Burundi, Namibia
  • Zimirina Dalmas, 1919 — Europe, Africa, Egypt
  • Zimiris Simon, 1882 — Asia, Africa, Mexico, Brazil, Germany
  • Zimiromus Banks, 1914 — Central America, South America, Caribbean, Mexico

圖庫
  • Unidentified species.
  • Spinnerets of an Eastern parson spider (Herpyllus ecclesiasticus) in the family Gnaphosidae.
  • Endites and labium (also fangs and sternum) of an Eastern parson spider.

參看
  • 平腹蛛科物種列表

參考文獻
  1. 宋大祥; 朱明生; 张锋 (编). (PDF). 无脊椎动物 第39卷 蛛形纲 蜘蛛目 平腹蛛科. 科學出版社. 2004-08: 536 pp. [2020-12-24]. ISBN 703013267X （中文（简体）‎）.
  2. . 臺灣生命大百科. 2017-02-21 [2019-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-06） （中文（繁體）‎）.
  3. 宋大祥; 朱明生. . 河北师范大学学报（自然科學）. 1998-01, 22 (1): 104–108 [2020-12-25] （中文（简体）‎）.
  4. Blick; 等. (PDF). 2004 [2019-11-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-12-25）.
  5. Nieuwenhuys, Ed. . 2000 [2007-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2006-12-08）.
  6. . World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. [2019-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-24）.
  7. Brescovit, A.D.; Höfer, H. . Andrias. 1994, 13: 65–70 （英语）.
  • Platnick, N.I. & Shadab, M.U. (1983): A revision of the American spiders of the genus Zelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the AMNH 174: 99-191. PDF (29Mb) - Abstract

外部連結
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：平腹蛛科

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