飲食與注意力不足過動症的關係

有人懷疑注意力不足過動症與飲食存在關聯。關注的焦點主要為食品添加物、人工色素、含糖食物和衍生的食物過敏、食物不耐、和維他命、礦物質及Ω-3脂肪酸等營養素的缺乏[1]。整體來說，飲食並不會影響一個人的言行舉止到需要就醫的情形，而且飲食也不是絕大多數注意力不足過動症的成因。[2] 只有極少數人的言行舉止會受到食品添加物、人工色素、攝取過度的糖分、缺乏維生素礦物質與Ω-3脂肪酸的的影響。[2]

食品添加物與人工色素

迄今未有證據能證明「食品添加物與人工色素」會導致兒童出現食物不耐症和注意力不足過動症的症狀。[3]^:452 雖然有些人工色素可能真的會誘發些本來就帶有食物不耐症和注意力不足過動症基因或體質的人之症狀，但這個結論的證據力被認為是薄弱的，因為那些文獻似乎存在「不中立（bias）」、「統計數據的樣本數不足」的問題。[1][4][5]

血糖控制

研究發現，讓ADHD患者改用無糖飲食，並不會顯著改善其ADHD的症狀；平常少吃含糖食物的人，改吃較多量的含醣食物後，也未出現ADHD的症狀。[6] 然而不排除仍有極少數的人對於糖較為敏感，畢竟多數研究所使用的含糖食物，其所含的糖分，都不至於到非常高的地步。[7]

精緻糖

有些人認為攝取糖分、甜食、人工香料（包含：阿斯巴甜）等會導致過動[8]，不過一旦回顧那些曾經比較學齡兒童和學齡前兒童的對照實驗會發現，受試者即便將糖分攝取至遠高於正常範圍的程度，對受試者的「注意力」及「行為」並沒有產生影響[9]，如果將實驗組成員（受試者）換成是「其父母對糖分敏感的兒童試驗者」，得到的結果也相同。[10]

除此之外，美國小兒科醫學會舉出一個研究顯示，數名被其父母認為對糖分有反應的（reactive）的男孩子，當攝取較多量的糖分時，反而會變得較不活躍。[11] 美國小兒科醫學會另表示，不同研究人員通過數項比對血糖的研究，都得到ADHD患者與非ADHD患者在生活中的糖分攝取量並無不同的結論[11][12]。據此，「美國小兒科醫學會」決定不建議患者透過任何「特別飲食」來治療ADHD。[11]

MedlinePlus則表示，精緻糖可能對孩子的活動量有些許影響，MedlinePlus認為精緻糖和碳水化合物能快速進入血管中，使血糖迅速升高，這可能使得孩子變得較為活躍。[8]雖然MedlinePlus不認為攝取精緻糖與ADHD有直接關係，仍建議不要過量甚至建議節制精緻糖的攝取，並且以更健康的飲食型態取而代之。[8]

截至2019年7月，沒有任何科學證據顯示糖、或甜食（包括：糖分含量遠高於一般菜餚的食物）會影響人類的行為或導致ADHD[13] [11][8][14][15]。

魚油

有些研究指出，Ω-3脂肪酸在ADHD患者的血液中，含量較低。[16] 然而，「Ω-3脂肪酸在血液中的濃度是否會直接導致或改變ADHD的症狀」以及「ADHD患者中較低的Ω-3脂肪酸濃度之成因」，迄今仍不得而知。[16][17] 而「攝取Ω-3脂肪酸是否能改善ADHD的核心症狀」，學術界的研究至今仍未有結論。[18]

維生素與礦物質

補充維生素和礦物質（例如：維他命B群、維他命C、鐵、鎂及碘等）對於改善ADHD病情的功效，尚有待更多的實驗證明。[19][20][21][註 1]

營養補充

已隱藏部分未翻譯部分，歡迎參與翻譯。

Dietary supplements and specialized diets are sometimes used by people with ADHD with the intent to mitigate some or all of the symptoms. However a 2009 article in the Harvard Mental Health Letter states, "Although vitamin or mineral supplements [micronutrients] may help children diagnosed with particular deficiencies, there is no evidence that they are helpful for all children with ADHD. Furthermore, megadoses of vitamins, which can be toxic, must be avoided."[23] In the United States, no dietary supplement has been approved for the treatment for ADHD by the FDA.[24]

Some popular supplements used to manage ADHD symptoms:

Caffeine – ADHD is associated with increased caffeine consumption, and caffeine's stimulant effects on cognition may have some benefits for ADHD.[25] Limited evidence suggests a small therapeutic effect that is markedly inferior to standard treatments like methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine while still producing similar or greater side effects.[25][26]
Nicotine – The association between ADHD and nicotine intake is well known, and limited evidence suggests that nicotine may help improve some of the symptoms of ADHD, although the effect is generally small.[27][28][29]
Omega-3 fatty acids – A 2012 Cochrane review found little evidence that supplementation with omega-3 or other polyunsaturated fatty acids provides any improvement in the symptoms of ADHD in children or adolescents.[30] A 2011 meta analysis found a "small but significant benefit", with benefits being "modest compared to the efficacy of currently available pharmacological treatments for ADHD".[31] The review concluded that supplementation may be worth consideration as an augmentative treatment in combination with medication due to its "relatively benign side-effect profile", but not as a primary treatment.[31] Most research on Omega-3 fatty acids is considered to be of very poor quality with widespread methodological weaknesses.[30][31]
Zinc – Although the role of zinc in ADHD has not been elucidated, there is a small amount of limited evidence that lower tissue zinc levels may be associated with ADHD.[32] In the absence of a demonstrated zinc deficiency (which is rare outside of developing countries), zinc supplementation is not recommended as a treatment option for ADHD.[33]
In the 1980s vitamin B₆ was promoted as a helpful remedy for children with learning difficulties including inattentiveness; however, a study of large doses of vitamins with ADHD children showed that they were ineffective in changing behavior.[34]
Vitamin D. [35]

參見

注意力不足過動症的治療 § 飲食

註解

攝取過多的維他命可能產生健康問題。[22]

文獻

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 30 March 2011.
Author:Kevin R Krull, PhDSection Editor:Marilyn Augustyn, MDDeputy Editor:Mary M Torchia, MD. . UpToDate. [2019-08-03].
Tomaska, LD; Brooke-Taylor, S. . Motarjemi, Y; Moy, G; Todd, ECD (编). . Encyclopedia of Food Safety 2 1st. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2014: 449–454. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5.
Millichap, JG; Yee, MM. . Pediatrics. February 2012, 129 (2): 330–337. PMID 22232312. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199.
Nigg, Joel T.; Lewis, Kara; Edinger, Tracy; Falk, Michael. . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2012, 51 (1): 86–97.e8. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 4321798660113 请检查|pmc=值 (帮助). PMID 22176942. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015.
pubmeddev; ML, Wolraich; Al., Et. . NCBI. 1995-11-22 [2019-08-03].
Rojas, Neal L.; Chan, Eugenia. . Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews (Wiley). 2005, 11 (2): 116–130. ISSN 1080-4013. PMID 15977318. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20064.
. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）.
- In some cases, a special diet of foods without artificial flavors or colors works for a child, because the family and the child interact in a different way when the child eliminates these foods. These changes, not the diet itself, may improve the behavior and activity level.
- Refined (processed) sugars may have some effect on children's activity. Refined sugars and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream quickly. Therefore, they cause rapid changes in blood sugar levels. This may make a child become more active.
- Several studies have shown a link between artificial colorings and hyperactivity. On the other hand, other studies do not show any effect. This issue is yet to be decided. 参数|quote=值左起第7位存在換行符 (帮助)
Kanarek, RB. . Nutrition reviews. 1994, 52 (5): 173–5. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 8052458.
Krummel, Debra A.; Seligson, Frances H.; Guthrie, Helen A.; Gans, Dian A. . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Informa UK Limited). 1996, 36 (1-2): 31–47. ISSN 1040-8398. doi:10.1080/10408399609527717.
American Academy of Pediatrics. . HealthyChildren.org. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-21）.
Dietz, William. . Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2012. ISBN 978-1-58110-631-2. OCLC 767736204.
Wolraich, Mark L. . JAMA (American Medical Association (AMA)). 1995-11-22, 274 (20): 1617. ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200053037. The meta-analytic synthesis of the studies to date found that sugar does not affect the behavior or cognitive performance of children. The strong belief of parents may be due to expectancy and common association. However, a small effect of sugar or effects on subsets of children cannot be ruled out.(JAMA. 1995;274:1617-1621)
. WebMD. 2018-04-05 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-22）.
. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）.
Recommendations There are many reasons to limit the sugar a child has other than the effect on activity level.
- A diet high in sugar is a major cause of tooth decay.
- High-sugar foods tend to have fewer vitamins and minerals. These foods may replace foods with more nutrition. High-sugar foods also have extra calories that can lead to obesity.
- Some people have allergies to dyes and flavors. If a child has a diagnosed allergy, talk to a dietitian.
- Add fiber to your child's diet to keep blood sugar levels more even. For breakfast, fiber is found in oatmeal, shredded wheat, berries, bananas, whole-grain pancakes. For lunch, fiber is found in whole-grain breads, peaches, grapes, and other fresh fruits.
- Provide "quiet time" so that children can learn to calm themselves at home.
- Talk to your health care provider if your child cannot sit still when other children of his or her age can, or cannot control impulses. 参数|quote=值左起第16位存在換行符 (帮助)
Young, G; Conquer, J. . Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. January 2005, 45 (1): 1–28. PMID 15865053. doi:10.1051/rnd:2005001.
Haag, M. . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. April 2003, 48 (3): 195–203. PMID 12728744. doi:10.1177/070674370304800308.
Author:Kevin R Krull, PhDSection Editor:Marilyn Augustyn, MDDeputy Editor:Mary M Torchia, MD. . UpToDate. [2019-08-03].
Rucklidge, Julia J.; Johnstone, Jeanette; Gorman, Brigette; Boggis, Anna; Frampton, Christopher M. . Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2014-04-03, 50: 163–171. ISSN 0278-5846. PMID 24374068. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.014.
Helen Briggs. . BBC News. 2014-01-30 [2017-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-14）. After eight weeks of treatment those on supplements reported greater improvements in both their inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared with those taking the placebo. "Our study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults," said Prof Julia Rucklidge, who led the study.
Rucklidge, Julia J.; Eggleston, Matthew J.F.; Johnstone, Jeanette M.; Darling, Kathryn; Frampton, Chris M. . Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (Wiley). 2017-10-02, 59 (3): 232–246. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 28967099. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12817.
. MedlinePlus. 2017-10-06 [2017-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-07）.
. Harvard Mental Health Letter. June 2009, 25 (12): 4–5. PMID 19582942.
. Food and Drug Administration. 21 September 2007 [13 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2008）.
Ioannidis, K; Chamberlain, SR; Müller, U. . Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). September 2014, 28 (9): 830–6. PMID 24989644. doi:10.1177/0269881114541014.
Schechter, MD; Timmons, GD. . Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985, 25 (4): 276–80. Bibcode:1991JClP...31..928S. PMID 4008672. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02838.x.
Toledano A, Alvarez MI, Toledano-Díaz A. . Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. September 2010, 10 (3): 180–206. PMID 20528766. doi:10.2174/1871524911006030180. hdl:10261/61750.
McClernon, FJ; Kollins, SH. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. October 2008, 1141 (1): 131–47. Bibcode:2008NYASA1141..131M. PMC 2758663. PMID 18991955. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.016.
Potter, AS; Schaubhut, G; Shipman, M. . CNS Drugs. December 2014, 28 (12): 1103–13. PMC 4487649. PMID 25349138. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0208-9.
Gillies D, Sinn JK, Lad SS, Leach MJ, Ross MJ. . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 7 (7): CD007986. PMC 6599878. PMID 22786509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub2.
Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. October 2011, 50 (10): 991–1000. PMC 3625948. PMID 21961774. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008.
Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA. . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2005, 15 (4): 619–27. PMID 16190793. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.619. hdl:1811/51593.
Bloch, MH; Mulqueen, J. . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. October 2014, 23 (4): 883–97. PMC 4170184. PMID 25220092. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.002.
Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. . Pediatrics. 1984, 74 (1): 103–111. PMID 6234505.
Mohammadpour, Nakisa; Jazayeri, Shima; Tehrani-Doost, Mehdi; Djalali, Mahmoud; Hosseini, Mostafa; Effatpanah, Mohammad; Davari-Ashtiani, Rozita; Karami, Elham. . Nutritional neuroscience (Informa UK Limited). 2016-12-07, 21 (3): 202–209. ISSN 1028-415X. PMID 27924679. doi:10.1080/1028415x.2016.1262097.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[23] 攝取過多的維他命可能產生健康問題。[22]

[FDAdyecomm-1] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 30 March 2011.

[UpToDate-2] Author:Kevin R Krull, PhDSection Editor:Marilyn Augustyn, MDDeputy Editor:Mary M Torchia, MD. . UpToDate. [2019-08-03].

[3] Tomaska, LD; Brooke-Taylor, S. . Motarjemi, Y; Moy, G; Todd, ECD (编). . Encyclopedia of Food Safety 2 1st. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2014: 449–454. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5.

[Peds2012-4] Millichap, JG; Yee, MM. . Pediatrics. February 2012, 129 (2): 330–337. PMID 22232312. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199.

[Nigg_Lewis_Edinger_Falk_2012_pp._86–97.e8-5] Nigg, Joel T.; Lewis, Kara; Edinger, Tracy; Falk, Michael. . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2012, 51 (1): 86–97.e8. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 4321798660113 请检查|pmc=值 (帮助). PMID 22176942. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015.

[pubmeddev_ML_Al._1995-6] ubmeddev; ML, Wolraich; Al., Et. . NCBI. 1995-11-22 [2019-08-03].

[Rojas_Chan_2005_pp._116–130-7] Rojas, Neal L.; Chan, Eugenia. . Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews (Wiley). 2005, 11 (2): 116–130. ISSN 1080-4013. PMID 15977318. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20064.

[MedlinePlus_2018_in_regard_to_hyperactivity_and_sugar-8] . MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）.
In some cases, a special diet of foods without artificial flavors or colors works for a child, because the family and the child interact in a different way when the child eliminates these foods. These changes, not the diet itself, may improve the behavior and activity level.

Refined (processed) sugars may have some effect on children's activity. Refined sugars and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream quickly. Therefore, they cause rapid changes in blood sugar levels. This may make a child become more active.

Several studies have shown a link between artificial colorings and hyperactivity. On the other hand, other studies do not show any effect. This issue is yet to be decided. 参数|quote=值左起第7位存在換行符 (帮助)

[10] In some cases, a special diet of foods without artificial flavors or colors works for a child, because the family and the child interact in a different way when the child eliminates these foods. These changes, not the diet itself, may improve the behavior and activity level.

[11] Refined (processed) sugars may have some effect on children's activity. Refined sugars and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream quickly. Therefore, they cause rapid changes in blood sugar levels. This may make a child become more active.

[12] Several studies have shown a link between artificial colorings and hyperactivity. On the other hand, other studies do not show any effect. This issue is yet to be decided. 参数|quote=值左起第7位存在換行符 (帮助)

[Kanarek_1994_pp._173–5-9] Kanarek, RB. . Nutrition reviews. 1994, 52 (5): 173–5. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 8052458.

[Krummel_Seligson_Guthrie_Gans_1996_pp._31–47-10] Krummel, Debra A.; Seligson, Frances H.; Guthrie, Helen A.; Gans, Dian A. . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (Informa UK Limited). 1996, 36 (1-2): 31–47. ISSN 1040-8398. doi:10.1080/10408399609527717.

[HealthyChildren.org_2018-11] American Academy of Pediatrics. . HealthyChildren.org. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-21）.

[Dietz_2012_p.-12] Dietz, William. . Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2012. ISBN 978-1-58110-631-2. OCLC 767736204.

[Wolraich_p=1617-13] Wolraich, Mark L. . JAMA (American Medical Association (AMA)). 1995-11-22, 274 (20): 1617. ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200053037. The meta-analytic synthesis of the studies to date found that sugar does not affect the behavior or cognitive performance of children. The strong belief of parents may be due to expectancy and common association. However, a small effect of sugar or effects on subsets of children cannot be ruled out.(JAMA. 1995;274:1617-1621)

[WebMD_2018_over_sugar_and_adhd-14] . WebMD. 2018-04-05 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-22）.

[MedlinePlus_2018_in_regard_to_hyperactivity_and_sugar_II-15] . MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）. Recommendations There are many reasons to limit the sugar a child has other than the effect on activity level.
A diet high in sugar is a major cause of tooth decay.

High-sugar foods tend to have fewer vitamins and minerals. These foods may replace foods with more nutrition. High-sugar foods also have extra calories that can lead to obesity.

Some people have allergies to dyes and flavors. If a child has a diagnosed allergy, talk to a dietitian.

Add fiber to your child's diet to keep blood sugar levels more even. For breakfast, fiber is found in oatmeal, shredded wheat, berries, bananas, whole-grain pancakes. For lunch, fiber is found in whole-grain breads, peaches, grapes, and other fresh fruits.

Provide "quiet time" so that children can learn to calm themselves at home.

Talk to your health care provider if your child cannot sit still when other children of his or her age can, or cannot control impulses. 参数|quote=值左起第16位存在換行符 (帮助)

[20] A diet high in sugar is a major cause of tooth decay.

[21] High-sugar foods tend to have fewer vitamins and minerals. These foods may replace foods with more nutrition. High-sugar foods also have extra calories that can lead to obesity.

[22] Some people have allergies to dyes and flavors. If a child has a diagnosed allergy, talk to a dietitian.

[23] Add fiber to your child's diet to keep blood sugar levels more even. For breakfast, fiber is found in oatmeal, shredded wheat, berries, bananas, whole-grain pancakes. For lunch, fiber is found in whole-grain breads, peaches, grapes, and other fresh fruits.

[24] Provide "quiet time" so that children can learn to calm themselves at home.

[25] Talk to your health care provider if your child cannot sit still when other children of his or her age can, or cannot control impulses. 参数|quote=值左起第16位存在換行符 (帮助)

[Young2005-16] Young, G; Conquer, J. . Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. January 2005, 45 (1): 1–28. PMID 15865053. doi:10.1051/rnd:2005001.

[Haag2003-17] Haag, M. . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. April 2003, 48 (3): 195–203. PMID 12728744. doi:10.1177/070674370304800308.

[UpToDate_II-18] Author:Kevin R Krull, PhDSection Editor:Marilyn Augustyn, MDDeputy Editor:Mary M Torchia, MD. . UpToDate. [2019-08-03].

[Rucklidge_Johnstone_Gorman_Boggis_2014_pp._163–171-19] Rucklidge, Julia J.; Johnstone, Jeanette; Gorman, Brigette; Boggis, Anna; Frampton, Christopher M. . Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2014-04-03, 50: 163–171. ISSN 0278-5846. PMID 24374068. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.014.

[efficacy_of_vitamins_on_ADHD_treatment-20] Helen Briggs. . BBC News. 2014-01-30 [2017-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-14）. After eight weeks of treatment those on supplements reported greater improvements in both their inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity compared with those taking the placebo. "Our study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults," said Prof Julia Rucklidge, who led the study.

[Rucklidge_Eggleston_Johnstone_Darling_2018_pp._232–246-21] Rucklidge, Julia J.; Eggleston, Matthew J.F.; Johnstone, Jeanette M.; Darling, Kathryn; Frampton, Chris M. . Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (Wiley). 2017-10-02, 59 (3): 232–246. ISSN 0021-9630. PMID 28967099. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12817.

[MedlinePlus_2017-22] . MedlinePlus. 2017-10-06 [2017-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-07）.

[HarvMHL0609-24] . Harvard Mental Health Letter. June 2009, 25 (12): 4–5. PMID 19582942.

[25] . Food and Drug Administration. 21 September 2007 [13 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2008）.

[pmid24989644-26] Ioannidis, K; Chamberlain, SR; Müller, U. . Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). September 2014, 28 (9): 830–6. PMID 24989644. doi:10.1177/0269881114541014.

[pmid4008672-27] Schechter, MD; Timmons, GD. . Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985, 25 (4): 276–80. Bibcode:1991JClP...31..928S. PMID 4008672. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02838.x.

[pmid20528766-28] Toledano A, Alvarez MI, Toledano-Díaz A. . Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. September 2010, 10 (3): 180–206. PMID 20528766. doi:10.2174/1871524911006030180. hdl:10261/61750.

[pmid18991955-29] McClernon, FJ; Kollins, SH. . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. October 2008, 1141 (1): 131–47. Bibcode:2008NYASA1141..131M. PMC 2758663. PMID 18991955. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.016.

[pmid25349138-30] Potter, AS; Schaubhut, G; Shipman, M. . CNS Drugs. December 2014, 28 (12): 1103–13. PMC 4487649. PMID 25349138. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0208-9.

[pmid22786509-31] Gillies D, Sinn JK, Lad SS, Leach MJ, Ross MJ. . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 7 (7): CD007986. PMC 6599878. PMID 22786509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub2.

[pmid21961774-32] Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. October 2011, 50 (10): 991–1000. PMC 3625948. PMID 21961774. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008.

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