海帶目

海帶目是褐藻綱之下一個目級的海藻分類單元，現時包括有約30個属。 這些海帶生長於淺海海洋底下的海藻林：一種類似於陸地上森林的海洋植物群落，估計從中新世（即500到2300萬年前）就已出現[3]。

海带目 化石时期：卢台特期 –現在[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
科学分类
界：	色藻界 Chromista
门：	淡色藻门 Ochrophyta
纲：	褐藻綱 Phaeophyceae
目：	海带目 Laminariales Migula, 1909[2]
科
見內文

分類

本目包括下列各科[4]：

• 厚岸藻科（Akkesiphycaceae）
• 翅藻科（Alariaceae）
• 繩藻科（Chordaceae）
• 多肋藻科（Costariaceae）
• 海帶科（Laminariaceae）
• 巨藻科（Lessoniaceae）
• 擬繩藻科（Pseudochordaceae）

生長和繁殖

生長在分生组织基部發生。

海藻林

海帶目聚集的地方會發展成被稱為「海藻林」的海底森林，為最富有豐富生產力與多樣性的地球生態系統[5][6]。較小片的海藻林又被稱為海藻床。在挪威海岸，有接近5800 km²的海岸就長滿了海藻林[7][6]，還為大量動物提及棲息地[8][9]。

全球海藻林分布

海藻林分布於溫帶到極地地區的沿岸海域。[5]在2007年，於厄瓜多附近的熱帶海域也發現有海藻林分佈。[10] 和熱帶的珊瑚礁一樣，海藻林為許多生物提供生活環境，包括軟體動物、甲殼動物、棘皮動物、魚類及海洋哺乳動物等；同時也為人類提供生產力豐富的漁場。

商業用途

阿拉斯加州海灘的海帶

Giant kelp can be harvested fairly easily because of its surface canopy and growth habit of staying in deeper water.

圖庫

• 
  Macrocystis pyrifera in Monterey Bay Aquarium's 蒙特雷灣水族館
• 
  Scuba diver in kelp forest
• 
  Blue rockfish in kelp forest
• 
  Anemone and seastar in kelp forest
• 
  An underwater shot of a kelp forest
• 
  A kelp forest
• 
  A close up view of Ecklonia maxima, giant brown kelp
• 
  Kelp found along the coast of La Jolla Shores
• 
  Saccharina latissima in salad form, same also in canned form

知名物種

• Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 美洲原住民 to create 渔网s.
• Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest seaweed. Found in the 太平洋 coast of 北美洲 and 南美洲.
• Kombu, Saccharina japonica (formerly Laminaria japonica) and others, several edible species of kelp found in 日本.

Species of Laminaria in the British Isles;

• Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle)
• Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie)
• Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie
• Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack)

Species of 海帶屬 worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase:[11]

• Laminaria agardhii (NE. 美洲)

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• Laminaria bongardina Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 加利福尼亚州)
• Laminaria cuneifolia (NE. America)
• Laminaria dentigera Klellm. (California - America)
• Laminaria digitata (NE. America)
• Laminaria ephemera Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)
• Laminaria farlowii Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)
• Laminaria groenlandica (NE. America)
• Laminaria longicruris (NE. America)
• Laminaria nigripes (NE. America)
• Laminaria ontermedia (NE. America)
• Laminaria pallida Greville ex J. Agardh (南非)
• Laminaria platymeris (NE. America)
• Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of Saccharina latissima (north east Atlantic Ocean, Barents Sea south to Galicia - Spain)
• Laminaria setchellii Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)
• Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey ex Hooker f. ex Harvey) Farlow, Anderson et Eaton (Hope Island, British Columbia to Los Angeles, California - America)
• Laminaria solidungula (NE. America)
• Laminaria stenophylla (NE. America)

Costaria costata, five-ribbed kelp

Other species in the 海帶目 that may be considered as kelp:

• Alaria marginata Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 美洲)
• Costaria costata (C.Ag.) Saunders (Japan; Alaska, California - America)
• Ecklonia brevipes J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand)
• Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa)
• Ecklonia radiata (C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa)
• Eisenia arborea Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)
• Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch.
• Hedophyllum sessile (C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America)
• Macrocystis angustifolia Bory (Australia; Tasmania and South Africa)
• Pleurophycus gardneri Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America)
• Pterygophora californica Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)

Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:

• Durvillea antarctica, Fucales (新西兰, 南美洲, and 澳大利亚)
• Durvillea willana, Fucales (New Zealand)
• Durvillaea potatorum (雅克·拉比亚迪埃) Areschoug, Fucales (塔斯馬尼亞州; Australia)

與其他物種的互動

部分動物的名稱或其英文名稱以海帶（）來命名，因為牠們以海帶為棲息地或食物。這些物種包括有：

• Northern kelp crab (Pugettia producta) and graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Pacific coast of North America.
• 鳚亚目魚類的英文名Kelpfish：包括有北美洲太平洋海岸的Heterosticbus rostratus及Gibbonsia屬物種。
• Kelp goose (Chloephaga hybrida)：棲息於南美洲及福克蘭群島
• 鞘嘴鸥科物種在英語的通稱叫作，棲息於南極洲，只有白鞘嘴鸥（Chionis alba）和黑脸鞘嘴鸥（Chionis minor）兩個物種。

參考文獻

1. Olivero, Davide. . William Miller, III (编). . Elsevier. 2011-10-13: 224–226 [2013-04-01]. ISBN 978-0-08-047535-6.
2. Migula, W. . Gera: Verlag Friedriech von Zezschwitz. 1909: i–iv, 1–382, 122 (41 col.) pls.
3. . [2013-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-09）.
4. 陸保仁. . （中文）.
5. Mann, K.H. . Science. 1973, 182: 975–981 （英语）.
6. Abdullah, M.I.; Fredriksen, S. . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 2004, 84: 887 （英语）.
7. Rinde, E. . NIVA report. 2009: 32 pp. （挪威语）.
8. Christie, H., Jørgensen, N.M., Norderhaug, K.M., Waage-Nielsen, E., 2003. Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83, 687-699.
9. Jørgensen, N.M., Christie, H., 2003. Follow me @radd.michyy and lowk3y.nadine l Diurnal, horizontal and vertical dispersal of kelp associated fauna. Hydrobiologia 50, 69-76.
10. Graham, M.H., B.P. Kinlan, L.D. Druehl, L.E. Garske, and S. Banks. 2007. Deep-water kelp refugia as potential hotspots of tropical marine diversity and productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 16576-16580.
11. . [2018-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-01）.

參看

• Bladder wrack
• Blue carbon
• Durvillea
• 海藻林
• Wrack zone

延伸閱讀

• Druehl, L.D. . Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (编). . 1988. ISBN 0-521-32115-8 （英语）.
• Erlandson, J.M., M.H. Graham, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.A. Estes, & R.S. Steneck. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174.

外部連結

• 維基物種中有關海帶目的數據